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THE STRUGGLE fight OF WEST PAPUA
BY "Anton Papuanus Gobay
Why the people of West Papua wants independence outside of Indonesia?
Why the people of West Papua still continue their struggle?
When are they going to stop fighting?
There are four factors underlying the West Papuan people's desire to
have their own country an independent and sovereign in any outside
occupation, namely:
1. right
2. culture
3. historical background
4. reality now
1. Right
Independence is the »right« based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(Universal Declaration on Human Rights) that guarantee individual
rights and Konvenant based on the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights which guarantees the rights in which the right of
collective self-determination (the right to self -determination) is
determined.
»All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that
right They determine Freely Freely Their political status and pursue
Their economic, social and cultural development - All peoples have the
right to self determination. On the basis of which they freely determine
their political status and freely carry out their economic and cultural
development «
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 1).
Nation is used in the meaning of People (Roethof 1951:2) and can be
distinguished from the concept State - Nation used in the sense of the
People (Roethof 1951:2) and can be distinguished from the concept of
State (Riop Report No.1). Riop wrote that a state could include some of
the nation, nationality or people mean (A state can include Several
nations, meaning Nationalities or Peoples).
There are two types of the right to self-determination (the right to
self-determination), namely the right to external self-determination and
internal right to self-determination.
External right to self-determination ie the right of self-determination
to establish a new nation out of a country that already exist. Example:
the right of self-determination to have a country outside the state of
West Papua Indonesia. External right to self-determination, or rather
self-determination of Nationalities, is the right of every nation to
build its own state or Decide whether or not it will from another state
join, partly or wholly (Roethof 1951:46) - The right external
determination self, or more worth of self-determination of nations, is
the right of every nation to form its own country or deciding whether or
not to join with other countries, in part or in full (Riop Report
No.1). So, the people of West Papua may also decide to integrate into
the neighboring country of Papua New Guinea. Developments in Northern
Ireland and Ireland show the same symptoms. Internal right to
self-determination ie the right of self-determination for ethnic group
or nation to have a certain territory within the boundaries of existing
states. An ethnic group or nation has the right to govern itself, within
the boundaries of existing states, based on religion, language and
culture they have. Known in Indonesia and the Special Region of
Yogyakarta Special Region of Aceh. Governments such areas are usually
overflowing with the power of autonomy or federal authority.
Unfortunately, Yogyakarta and Aceh have never enjoyed the autonomy that
is rightfully his.
2. Culture
The people of West Papua, by definition, is part of the family of
nations or races Melanesia in the Pacific, instead of the Malay race in
Asia. West Papuans have a culture of Melanesia. Peoples inhabiting the
islands of Melanesia Papua (West Papua and Papua New Guinea),
Bougainville, Solomons, Vanuatu, Kanaky (New Caledonia) and Fiji. Timor
and the Moluccas, according to anthropology, is also part of Melanesia.
While the Malay race consists of Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Balinese,
Dayaks, Makassar, Buginese, Menado, and others.
Using the term race here at all, did not mean that I advocate racism.
Also, I do not mean to advocate nationalism superior style of Adolf
Hitler (dictator of Germany in World War II). Adolf Hitler thought that
the Aryan race (nation Germanika) is a superhuman degree and higher
thinking skills than people of other racial origin. The people of West
Papua as part of the Melanesian nation refers to the views as contained
in the ad Roethof 1 above.
3. Background History
Except Indonesia and West Papua are equally a part of Dutch
colonization, the two peoples really do not have a parallel line and
along the historical development of political relations. Analysis is as
the following:
First: Before the advent of foreign rule, every tribe, who have
inhabited the West Papua since more than 50,000 years ago, led by the
heads of the tribes (tribal leaders). For some areas, any democratically
elected chiefs while in some other area chiefs appointed hereditary.
Until now, there are still traditional governance arrangements in some
areas, where, for example, a Ondofolo still have some power in the
region and Ondoafi Sentani still respected by the people around Yotefa
in Numbai. From the traditional levels of government in West Papua,
there are no political lines vertical to the ancient kingdoms in
Indonesia at that time.
Second: The people of West Papua has a different history with Indonesia
in opposing the colonial Dutch and Japanese. For example, movement
Koreri in Biak and its surroundings, which in the early 1940s actively
oppose Japanese rule and the Netherlands, has no command line with the
independence movement in Indonesia at that time. Koreri movement, under
the leadership of Stephen Simopiaref and Angganita Menufandu, was born
based on personal awareness Melanesian peoples to liberate themselves
outside the foreign occupation.
Third: The length of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia is not the same as
the old Dutch colonial rule in West Papua. Indonesia was colonized by
the Dutch for 350 years and ended when the Dutch recognized Indonesia's
independence on December 27, 1949. West Papua, in practical politics,
was colonized by the Dutch for 64 years (1898-1962).
Fourth: The Limits of Indonesia according to the proclamation of
Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 is from »Aceh to Ambon«
instead of »Sabang to Merauke«. Mohammed Hatta (deceased), first vice
president of RI and others actually opposed the inclusion of West Papua
into Indonesia (see attachment I Karkara, principal of the Dutch East
Indies by Ottis Simopiaref).
Fifth: In the Round Table Conference (24 August to 2 November 1949) in
The Hague (Netherlands) has been agreed upon jointly by the Netherlands
and Indonesia that West Papua was not part of the Republic of Indonesia
(RIS). Nieuw-Guinea status will be determined by the two parties a year
later. (See Appendix II on Karkara by Ottis Simopiaref).
Sixth: West Papua has experienced the process of decolonization under
Dutch rule. West Papua has a national flag »Morning«, »Hi my land Papua«
as the national anthem and the name of the country »West Papua«. State
symbols are defined by the New Guinea Raad / NGR (Board of New Guinea).
NGR was established on 5 April 1961 the democratically by the people of
West Papua in cooperation with the Dutch government. The name of the
state, national anthem and the flag has been recognized by all the
people of West Papua and the Dutch government.
Seventh: From October 1, 1962 until May 1, 1963, West Papua is an area
of the United Nations trusteeship under the United Nations Temporary
Executive Authority (UNTEA) and from 1963 to 1969, West Papua is an area
of international disputes (international dispute region). Both of
these aspects highlight the history of West Papua in the world of
international politics and also indicates the difference with the
historical development of Indonesia that the two nations are not
mutually have a relationship history.
Eighth: Ever held a plebiscite (Choice) in 1969 in West Papua which
results debated in the UN General Assembly. Some UN member states did
not agree with the results Pepera (Act of Free Choice) because only the
government of Indonesia is the result of engineering. The existence of
the problem of West Papua on the agenda of the UN General Assembly
underscored the value of the history of West Papua in the world of
international politics. Disagreement with some members of the UN and the
UN mistake in accepting the results of Choice is a motivation to demand
that the UN re-fix the wrong history. Errors were indeed violated the
principles of the UN itself. (Please see more information about Choice
staple in Karkara by Ottis Simopiaref).
Ninth: The people of West Papua, through their leaders, from the
beginning has delivered a variety of political statements to refuse to
be part of the RI. Frans Kaisiepo (deceased), former governor of West
Irian, the Malino Conference 1946 in South Sulawesi, made it clear that
people do not want to be associated with a state of RI (Plunder in
Paradise by Anti-Slavery Society). Johan Ariks (late), a popular figure
of the people of West Papua in the 1960s, explicitly expressed its
opposition to the entry of West Papua into Indonesia (Plunder in
Paradise by Anti-Slavery Society). Angganita Menufandu (late) and
Stephen Simopiaref (late) from Koreri Movement, Raja Ati Ati (late) of
the consortium, LR Jakadewa (late) of the DVP-Democratic Volkspartij,
Lodewijk Mandatjan (late) and Obeth Manupapami (late) of
PONG-Nieuw-Guinea Union man, Barend Mandatjan (late), Ferry Awom (late)
from the Papuan Battalion, Permenas Awom (late), Jufuway (late), Arnold
Ap (late), Eliezer Bonay (late), Adolf Menase Suwae (late), Dr. Thomas
Wainggai (late), Nicolaas Jouwe, Mark Wonggor Kaisiepo and others by way
of each, at different times and sometimes in different places in
protest against the foreign occupation of West Papua.
4. Reality Now
West Papuan People recognize themselves as a colonized nation since the
presence of foreign rule in West Papua. Remains a strong awareness from
time to time that the people of West Papua has its own distinct identity
with other nations. In addition, each time on the self reliance of
personal identity is the basis for the struggle, the result of cruel
practices of colonialism Indonesia. Resistance is becoming increasingly
harder as a result of (1) brutal persecution, (2) presence of
space-expanding movement in which a person can express their opinions
freely and (3) a flood of incoming information about the history of West
Papua. West Papua people getting to know and to know their history.
Consciousness is the basis for the transformation of reality, as the
late Paulo Freire (Brazilian professor in science education) to write.
Fighting spirit becomes stronger as a result of consciousness itself.
In 1984 occurred a massive exodus to neighboring Papua New Guinea and
Papua four young men namely Jopie Roemajauw, Ottis Simopiaref, Loth
Sarakan (late) and John Rumbiak (late) entered the Dutch embassy in
Jakarta to seek political asylum. Request political asylum in the
Netherlands embassy is the first in the history of West Papua. A
movement-Dance Traditional Music Group, Mambesak (Biak language to
Paradise) under the leadership of Arnold Ap (late) is a manifestation of
anti-colonial politics that fall most since 1969. Most members Mambesak
displaced and domiciled in Papua New Guinea, while a small portion and
still are active in West Papua.
Dr. Thomas Wainggai (late) led a large peaceful protest on December 14,
1988 by proclaiming the independence of West Melanesia (West Papua). A
year later on the same date again held a peaceful protest in Numbai
(indigenous name for the Jayapura) to commemorate the 14 December. Dr.
Thom Wainggai being sentenced to prison for 20 years, but he later died
mysteriously in prison Cipinang. West Papua plagued with massive
protests during 1996. Tembagapura bubbled like boiling water for three
days (11-13 March). Numbai burned March 18, following the arrival of the
corpse Thom Wainggai. Nabire dijungkir and forth for 2 days (2-3 July).
One of the largest peaceful protest occurred in early July 1998 in
Biak, Numbai, Sorong and Wamena, then in Manokwari. One of the leaders
of the movement in July 1998 were Drs. Phillip Karma. Drs. P. Karma
along with several others were detained in prison Samofa, Biak while
going through court proceedings. Movement in July 1998 is the largest
because it covers a large area at once moving and have a large amount of
mass. The movement is well organized in July 1998 compared to previous
movements. In addition, movement in July 1998 to draw world attention
through the mass media so that some foreign embassies in Jakarta convey a
warning to the armed forces to cease their brutality in West Papua.
Thanks to the July 1998 West Papua Movement has become a popular issue
in Indonesia today. In addition to success has been achieved there is
the deepest sorrow that according to a report of PGI (Fellowship Church
of Indonesia) more than 140 people were missing and most of their bodies
had been found stranded in Biak. According to the report, many women
were raped before they were shot dead. Reality is full of repression,
blood, rape, molestation and murder, but the struggle still continues.
West Papua people realize and recognize the reality of their own. They
have tasted how bitter realitias it. They live in and with a world
filled with injustice, but the words of Martin Luther King was still hum
everywhere that »We Shall Overcome someday!« (We'll win one day!).
Future: Not-sertakannya diikut people of West Papua as a subject matter
within the Round Table Conference, the New York Agreement underlying the
Act of Free Choice, the Rome Agreement, and the rest is
self-determination rights abuses committed by the government (state
violence) in this case the government of Indonesia and the Netherlands.
(For the Rome Agreement, please see the attachment on Karkara by Ottis
Simopiaref). West Papuans were not given the opportunity to vote
democratically in the Act of Free Choice. Act of Free Choice that is
conjured up by the government of Indonesia to Pepera. Here the notion of
manipulation occur Act of Free Choice (Night-Free Provisions) into Act
of Free Choice (Choice). Ortiz Sans as the UN envoy to observe the Act
of Free Choice reported that West Papuans are not given the freedom to
choose. Not serious Ortiz United Nations to receive reports of
harassment Sans is the right of self-determination. The UN actually do
the human rights abuses against its own principles. This is a motivation
in which the people of West Papua will continue to struggle demanding
the government of Indonesia, the Netherlands and the United Nations to
re-fix their mistakes in the past. Since the annexation on May 1, 1963,
the government of Indonesia has always been propaganda that the West
Papuan independence only a few people who were guerrillas in the jungle.
However, movement in July 1998 to prove the other in which the world
has realized that if a referendum is held free and fair then the West
Papuan people will vote for independence outside of Indonesia. The
people of Indonesia are increasingly aware of this.
According to records while, it is estimated that about 400 thousand
Papuans have died as a result of two things: the brutality of the
government armed forces and political negligence. Consciously or not,
the Indonesian government has made the same black history with the
history of Japan, Germany, Amerikat States, Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Japan
later apologize for the brutal occupying some areas in the Asia-Pacific
region in the 1940s. Anti-German sentiment still felt in many Western
European countries. This makes the leaders and the German people become
rigid when visiting countries that have didukinya, let alone to Israel.
Various media in the world on December 4, 1998 submission to preach
forgiveness for the first time by the United States (U.S.) through
luarnegerinya minister, Madeleine Albright. "The United States deplores»
mistakes are very, very «he did in Latin America during the cold war,"
said Albright. The U.S. supported dictators when it's right along with
the ruling power in Latin America where there was a massacre of millions
of people left. Hopefully Indonesia will be willing to change the black
history that he wrote to apologize to the people of West Papua in the
future. One by one the war criminals in former Yugoslavia has been
dragged to the Yugoslavia Tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands. Agusto
Pinochet, former dictator of Chile, was examined in the UK to extradited
to Spain. He will be tried for the murder of thousands upon thousands
of people during his rule in Chile. An attempt was made to document the
identity and the brutality of the leaders of the armed forces in West
Papua. Documentation will be used later on to bring the leaders of the
Armed Forces to the tribunal in The Hague. Later this year (1998) opens
world's eyes to some areas of dispute (dispute regions), namely Northern
Ireland, Palestine and the Polisario (Western Sahara). The two leaders
in Northern Ireland are still colonized by the British received the
Nobel Peace Prize (December 1998). Bill Clinton, president Amerikat, who
visited Palestine, dated December 14, 1998, heard speeches from Yasser
Arafat that the areas that diduki in Palestine must be vacated by
Israel. UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, who held a tour stop in North
Africa Aljasaria to try to mediate the conflict between the Polisario
Front and Morocco. Polisario Front with the support Aljasaria still
fighting against the occupying Moroccan Polisario (International Herald
Tribune, Nov. 30, 1998). Why is there conflict in Northern Ireland,
Palestine and the Polisario? Because of the peoples there to claim their
rights and have cultural and historical backgrounds that differ from
the invaders who occupied their country. Reality now show that the
peoples there was still struggling to free themselves from colonialism.
Reality now in West Papua prove the people's resistance against
Indonesian occupation. This is a manifestation of the significance of
cultural factors, historical background that is different from Indonesia
and the first right as the legal basis on which the people of West
Papua's right to independence outside of Indonesia.
The history of West Papua has been a strong, full, open and sometimes
explode. West Papua's struggle for independence was never going to stop
or be stopped by any force unless all three factors (rights, cultural
and historical background) above abolished the whole of human life in
dignity. The people of West Papua will continue its struggle to be good
neighbors with Indonesia. The people of West Papua will continue its
struggle to become a part which is equivalent to the international
community. The struggle will continue until peace is achieved in West
Papua. Children, whose parents and older siblings have been the victims
of brutality ABRI will not live in peace as long as West Papua is still a
colony. They will continue the struggle for West Papuan independence.
They will shout shout Martin Luther King, warrior removal of skin color
differences in Amerka States, "Throw us in jail, we will remain
menghasihi. Throw a bomb into our house, and ancamlah our children, we
still love". West Papuans have a dream the same dream with Martin Luther
King, that »we will win one time«. given to us independence ..............
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| ANTON PAPUANUS GOBAY |
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west papua is the ground that bless to GOD so let's pull to papua nation
bio.
